{"id":3346,"date":"2025-02-08T15:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-02-08T14:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/?p=3346"},"modified":"2026-08-19T15:04:30","modified_gmt":"2026-08-19T13:04:30","slug":"civilizacija-maja-prije-dolaska-europljana","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/2025\/civilizacija-maja-prije-dolaska-europljana\/","title":{"rendered":"Civilizacija Maja prije dolaska Europljana"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Civilizacija Maja<\/strong> razvijala se na podru\u010dju dana\u0161njeg Meksika, Gvatemale, Belizea, Hondurasa i Salvadora, a trajala je od pribli\u017eno 11. stolje\u0107a pr. n. e. do kraja 17. stolje\u0107a, kada su posljednji neovisni majanski gradovi pali pod \u0161panjolsku vlast. Najve\u0107i procvat do\u017eivjeli su tijekom Klasi\u010dnog razdoblja (oko 250. \u2013 900. godine), kada su izgradili monumentalne gradove i uspostavili slo\u017eene politi\u010dke sustave.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"130\" src=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/preporuke-za-srednju-skolu-1024x130.jpg\" alt=\"Preporu\u010deno za sve srednje \u0161kole\" class=\"wp-image-363\" srcset=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/preporuke-za-srednju-skolu-1024x130.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/preporuke-za-srednju-skolu-300x38.jpg 300w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/preporuke-za-srednju-skolu-768x98.jpg 768w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/preporuke-za-srednju-skolu.jpg 1180w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"728\" src=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/civilizacija-maja-karta-1024x728.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3350\" srcset=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/civilizacija-maja-karta-1024x728.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/civilizacija-maja-karta-300x213.jpg 300w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/civilizacija-maja-karta-768x546.jpg 768w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/civilizacija-maja-karta.jpg 1074w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Majanski gradovi<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Maje su \u017eivjeli u gradovima-dr\u017eavama koji su bili povezani mre\u017eom cesta, \u010desto gra\u0111enih od usitnjenog vapnenca. Svaki grad imao je vlastitog vladara (<em>k\u2019uhul ajaw<\/em> \u2013 \u201esveti kralj\u201c), koji je istovremeno bio politi\u010dki, vojni i vjerski vo\u0111a. Iako su se \u010desto sukobljavali, povezivala ih je zajedni\u010dka kultura, jezik i religija.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Njihova religija bila je <strong>politeisti\u010dka<\/strong>, s bogovima povezanima s prirodom, kukuruzom, ki\u0161om i nebeskim tijelima. Smatrali su da bogovi utje\u010du na svakodnevni \u017eivot i da ih je potrebno umiriti obredima, uklju\u010duju\u0107i ljudske \u017ertve, koje su prino\u0161ene na vrhovima piramidalnih hramova.<\/p>\n\n\n<script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3125635016686955\"\r\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- U \u010dlanku na CA -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3125635016686955\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"4895695180\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\r\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"545\" src=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Chichen_Itza_3.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3349\" srcset=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Chichen_Itza_3.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Chichen_Itza_3-300x160.jpg 300w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Chichen_Itza_3-768x409.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">El Castillo (Kukulc\u00e1n piramida) u majanskom gradu Chich\u00e9n Itz\u00e1<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Majanski gradovi imali su sredi\u0161nje trgove, tr\u017enice, pala\u010de, hramove i sportska igrali\u0161ta. Posebno je va\u017ena bila igra gumenom loptom \u2013 <em>ulama<\/em>, koja se igrala u posebnim kamenim igrali\u0161tima. Cilj je bio provu\u0107i loptu kroz kameni prsten na zidu, koriste\u0107i samo koljena, laktove i bokove, ali ne ruke ni stopala. U nekim slu\u010dajevima, igra je imala ritualno zna\u010denje, a gubitnici su mogli biti \u017ertvovani bogovima.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Maje su imali jedno od najslo\u017eenijih pisama me\u0111u pretkolumbovskim civilizacijama. Njihovo <strong>pismo <\/strong>sastojalo se od oko 800 znakova, koji su mogli predstavljati cijele rije\u010di ili slogove. Pisali su na kamenim stelama, kerami\u010dkim posudama i preklopnim knjigama izra\u0111enima od kore drveta. Do danas su sa\u010duvana samo \u010detiri majanska kodeksa (Dresdenski, Madridski, Pari\u0161ki i Grolierov kodeks), jer su \u0161panjolski osvaja\u010di uni\u0161tili ve\u0107inu rukopisa smatraju\u0107i ih poganskim. Kodeksi sadr\u017ee podatke o astronomiji, kalendarima, vjerskim ritualima i proro\u010danstvima.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"566\" src=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Detail_of_Codex_Dresdensis_drawn_by_Lacambalam-768x566-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3348\" srcset=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Detail_of_Codex_Dresdensis_drawn_by_Lacambalam-768x566-1.jpg 768w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Detail_of_Codex_Dresdensis_drawn_by_Lacambalam-768x566-1-300x221.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Majansko pismo u Dresdenskom kodeksu<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Majanski kalendar<\/strong> bio je iznimno precizan, temeljen na dvama sustavima: <em>Haab&#8217;<\/em>, koji je imao 365 dana, i <em>Tzolk&#8217;in<\/em>, koji je imao 260 dana. Njihova astronomska promatranja omogu\u0107ila su im da precizno predvi\u0111aju pomr\u010dine i kretanja planeta, posebice Venere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">U poljoprivredi su koristili metode poput spaljivanja \u0161uma i uzgoja na povi\u0161enim gredicama. Uzgajali su kukuruz, grah, bundeve, \u010dili papri\u010dice, kakao i raj\u010dice, a kakao su smatrali toliko vrijednim da su ga koristili kao oblik novca.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3D model grada Tikana:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-sketchfab wp-block-embed-sketchfab\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" title=\"Tikal Guatemala Point cloud\" width=\"1290\" height=\"725\" src=\"https:\/\/sketchfab.com\/models\/ea0a4612234c4aa3bad3ad68dd369953\/embed#?secret=cVuPeWzWbm\" data-secret=\"cVuPeWzWbm\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sketchfab.com\/3d-models\/tikal-guatemala-point-cloud-ea0a4612234c4aa3bad3ad68dd369953\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Tikal Guatemala Point cloud<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/sketchfab.com\/3dfovea\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Fovea<\/a> on <a href=\"https:\/\/sketchfab.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Sketchfab<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Iako je majanska civilizacija pretrpjela pad tijekom 9. stolje\u0107a, njezini potomci i danas \u017eive u Srednjoj Americi, govore\u0107i majanske jezike i prakticiraju\u0107i elemente tradicionalne kulture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0160panjolska je kolonizacija podru\u010dja na kojem su \u017eivjeli Maje zapo\u010dela po\u010detkom 16. stolje\u0107a, no taj je proces trajao vrlo dugo. Iako je glavnina gradova pala do sredine 16. stolje\u0107a, posljednji neovisni majanski grad \u2013 Tayasal (Nojpet\u00e9n) u dana\u0161njoj Gvatemali \u2013 pokoren je tek 1697. godine. Time se smatra da je do tog trenutka ve\u0107ina majanskih gradova i podru\u010dja bila pod \u010dvrstom \u0161panjolskom vlasti.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Civilizacija Maja razvijala se na podru\u010dju dana\u0161njeg Meksika, Gvatemale, Belizea, Hondurasa i Salvadora, a trajala je od pribli\u017eno 11. stolje\u0107a pr. n. e. do kraja 17. stolje\u0107a, kada su posljednji neovisni majanski gradovi pali pod \u0161panjolsku vlast. Najve\u0107i procvat do\u017eivjeli su tijekom Klasi\u010dnog razdoblja (oko 250. \u2013 900. godine), kada su izgradili monumentalne gradove i [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3347,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[30],"tags":[801,802],"class_list":["post-3346","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-drustvena-povijest","tag-maje","tag-pretkolumbovske-civilizacije"],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":8}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3346","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3346"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3346\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3352,"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3346\/revisions\/3352"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3347"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3346"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3346"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3346"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}