{"id":1180,"date":"2025-07-31T11:50:00","date_gmt":"2025-07-31T09:50:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/?p=1180"},"modified":"2026-08-11T11:52:46","modified_gmt":"2026-08-11T09:52:46","slug":"bismarckov-model-mirovinskog-sustava","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/2025\/bismarckov-model-mirovinskog-sustava\/","title":{"rendered":"Bismarckov model mirovinskog sustava"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kada govorimo o mirovinskom sustavu, \u010desto zaboravljamo da on nije uvijek postojao \u2013 netko ga je morao prvi osmisliti i uvesti. <strong>Bismarckov model<\/strong>, nastao krajem 19. stolje\u0107a u Njema\u010dkoj, bio je <strong>prvi moderan sustav socijalnog osiguranja koji je omogu\u0107io radnicima pravo na mirovinu<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"130\" src=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/preporuke-za-gimnazije.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-976\" srcset=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/preporuke-za-gimnazije.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/preporuke-za-gimnazije-300x38.jpg 300w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/preporuke-za-gimnazije-768x98.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Njegova va\u017enost ne le\u017ei samo u povijesnom trenutku kada je uveden, ve\u0107 u \u010dinjenici da je <strong>postavio temelje suvremenim europskim sustavima socijalne sigurnosti<\/strong>, uklju\u010duju\u0107i i onom u Hrvatskoj. Danas, kada se raspravlja o starenju stanovni\u0161tva, demografskim izazovima i reformama mirovinskog sustava, upravo je poznavanje Bismarckovog modela klju\u010dno za razumijevanje <strong>kako je ideja me\u0111ugeneracijske solidarnosti oblikovala na\u0161e dru\u0161tvene institucije<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Povijesni kontekst: Njema\u010dka krajem 19. stolje\u0107a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">U drugoj polovici 19. stolje\u0107a Njema\u010dka je do\u017eivjela brzu industrijalizaciju. Pojavili su se brojni <strong>socijalni problemi<\/strong> \u2013 radnici su radili u te\u0161kim uvjetima, bez prava na zdravstvenu za\u0161titu, bolovanje ili mirovinu. Sve to pridonosilo je <strong>nezadovoljstvu radni\u010dke klase<\/strong>, koja je sve vi\u0161e podr\u017eavala <strong>socijalisti\u010dke pokrete<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">U tom kontekstu djeluje <strong>Otto von Bismarck<\/strong>, kancelar Njema\u010dkog Carstva. Iako konzervativac, bio je pragmati\u010dan politi\u010dar koji je shvatio da <strong>dr\u017eava mora preuzeti odgovornost za socijalnu sigurnost gra\u0111ana<\/strong>. Kako bi umanjio privla\u010dnost socijalisti\u010dkih ideja, pobolj\u0161ao polo\u017eaj radnika i stabilizirao dru\u0161tvo, uveo je niz socijalnih reformi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>1883.<\/strong> \u2013 zdravstveno osiguranje,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1884.<\/strong> \u2013 osiguranje za slu\u010daj nesre\u0107e na radu,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1889.<\/strong> \u2013 <strong>mirovinsko osiguranje<\/strong>, koje danas nazivamo Bismarckovim modelom.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kako funkcionira Bismarckov model?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Temeljna ideja modela jest da <strong>zaposleni gra\u0111ani upla\u0107uju doprinose u zajedni\u010dki fond<\/strong>, iz kojeg se <strong>ispla\u0107uju mirovine sada\u0161njim umirovljenicima<\/strong>. Kada ti isti gra\u0111ani odu u mirovinu, tada \u0107e nova generacija radnika upla\u0107ivati za njih.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Klju\u010dne zna\u010dajke:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udcb0 <strong>Obvezno sudjelovanje<\/strong>: svi zaposleni zakonski su obvezni pla\u0107ati doprinose.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udcb0 <strong>Doprinosi ovisni o visini pla\u0107e<\/strong>: \u0161to je pla\u0107a ve\u0107a, doprinos je ve\u0107i.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udcb0 <strong>Povezanost doprinosa i iznosa mirovine<\/strong>: tko je vi\u0161e upla\u0107ivao, ima ve\u0107u mirovinu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udcb0 <strong>Upravljanje od strane dr\u017eave<\/strong> ili javnih institucija.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ovaj tip sustava zadr\u017eao se u ve\u0107ini europskih dr\u017eava, jer promi\u010de <strong>dru\u0161tvenu solidarnost i sigurnost<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0160to zna\u010di me\u0111ugeneracijska solidarnost?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pojam <strong>me\u0111ugeneracijska solidarnost<\/strong> ozna\u010dava <strong>uzajamnu odgovornost izme\u0111u razli\u010ditih generacija<\/strong>. Zaposleni radnici financiraju mirovine starijih gra\u0111ana, a u budu\u0107nosti o\u010dekuju da \u0107e mladi radnici isto u\u010diniti za njih.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ovaj lanac solidarnosti po\u010diva na povjerenju, ali i na <strong>odre\u0111enim demografskim pretpostavkama<\/strong>: ako broj radno aktivnih opada, a broj umirovljenika raste, sustav mo\u017ee postati te\u0161ko odr\u017eiv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Model u dana\u0161njem svijetu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bismarckov model postao je uzor mnogim dr\u017eavama. U Hrvatskoj, mirovinski sustav danas obuhva\u0107a tri stupa:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6abf645b2d106&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6abf645b2d106\" class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"624\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/bismarck-novac-stupovi-1024x624-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1182\" srcset=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/bismarck-novac-stupovi-1024x624-1.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/bismarck-novac-stupovi-1024x624-1-300x183.jpg 300w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/bismarck-novac-stupovi-1024x624-1-768x468.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Iako se sustav postupno nadopunjuje, <strong>prvi stup<\/strong> i dalje ostaje temelj, a <strong>pitanje odr\u017eivosti modela<\/strong> predmet je brojnih reformi i javnih rasprava.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Kada govorimo o mirovinskom sustavu, \u010desto zaboravljamo da on nije uvijek postojao \u2013 netko ga je morao prvi osmisliti i uvesti. Bismarckov model, nastao krajem 19. stolje\u0107a u Njema\u010dkoj, bio je prvi moderan sustav socijalnog osiguranja koji je omogu\u0107io radnicima pravo na mirovinu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1181,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[31],"tags":[314,217,315,316],"class_list":["post-1180","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gospodarska-povijest","tag-bismarck","tag-gimna3","tag-mirovine","tag-mirovinski-sustav"],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":8}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1180","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1180"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1180\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1183,"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1180\/revisions\/1183"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1181"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1180"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1180"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/hpp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1180"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}