{"id":2118,"date":"2024-08-14T19:37:54","date_gmt":"2024-08-14T17:37:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.povijest.net\/?p=2118"},"modified":"2024-12-18T11:31:41","modified_gmt":"2024-12-18T10:31:41","slug":"prve-lokomotive-i-voznje-vlakom","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/2024\/prve-lokomotive-i-voznje-vlakom\/","title":{"rendered":"Prve lokomotive i vo\u017enje vlakom"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Parne lokomotive su ve\u0107 vi\u0161e od dvjesto godina u upotrebi i u nekim dr\u017eavama \u0107e jo\u0161 dugo prevoziti putnike i robu. Prvi poku\u0161aji izrade lokomotive na parni pogon se\u017eu u kraj 18. i po\u010detak 19. stolje\u0107a. Kako bi pojasnili razvoj lokomotive moramo pojasniti i opseg potreba zbog kojih je do\u0161lo do razvoja lokomotiva. vrijedan izvor za ovaj \u010dlanak je bio serijal \u010dlanaka u online izdanju novina \u201eThe Northern Echo\u201c koje su uz kriti\u010dki osvrt prenosile tada\u0161nje novinske natpise.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"130\" src=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/clionaut_preporuke-za-srednju-skolu-1024x130.jpg\" alt=\"Clionaut preporuka: za srednje \u0161kole\" class=\"wp-image-7256\" srcset=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/clionaut_preporuke-za-srednju-skolu-1024x130.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/clionaut_preporuke-za-srednju-skolu-300x38.jpg 300w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/clionaut_preporuke-za-srednju-skolu-768x98.jpg 768w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/clionaut_preporuke-za-srednju-skolu.jpg 1180w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Od tra\u010dnica do lokomotive<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Engleska je bila zemlja rane industrijalizacije i zbog distribucije robe morali su izgraditi pouzdanu i brzu prometnu mre\u017eu. Uobi\u010dajeno su se za vu\u010du koristili teretni konji. Problem kod vu\u010de su neure\u0111ene ceste koje su \u010desto za lo\u0161ijeg vremena postajale blatnjave kalju\u017ee. Kako bi olak\u0161ali i ubrzali transport po\u010deli su graditi tzv. <em>tramroads <\/em>\u2013 ceste sa umetnutim drvenim pragovima po kojima su kota\u010di lak\u0161e prolazili. Kasnije su uz ili umjesto drva po\u010deli koristiti metalne podloge vrlo sli\u010dne dana\u0161njim tra\u010dnicama. Takvi su putevi omogu\u0107ili da samo jedan konj preveze tonu ugljena na udaljenost od oko 15 kilometara dnevno.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69e9dcbbe0424&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69e9dcbbe0424\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"375\" height=\"264\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/parne-lokomotive-02-1.webp\" alt=\"Metalni umetci \u2013 prete\u010da tra\u010dnica\n\" class=\"wp-image-8286\" srcset=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/parne-lokomotive-02-1.webp 375w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/parne-lokomotive-02-1-300x211.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 375px) 100vw, 375px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Uve\u0107aj\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Metalni umetci \u2013 prete\u010da tra\u010dnica\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69e9dcbbe0a2d&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69e9dcbbe0a2d\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"475\" height=\"261\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/parne-lokomotive-03-1.webp\" alt=\"Rudarska kola na tra\u010dnicama\" class=\"wp-image-8287\" srcset=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/parne-lokomotive-03-1.webp 475w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/parne-lokomotive-03-1-300x165.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 475px) 100vw, 475px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Uve\u0107aj\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Rudarska kola na tra\u010dnicama<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Po\u010detkom XIX. stolje\u0107a u Engleskoj se razvila rasprava oko na\u010dina dopreme iskopanog ugljena od rudnika do pomorskih luka. Prijedlozi su bili gradnja kanala ili gradnja <em>tramroadsa<\/em>. Nakon vi\u0161egodi\u0161njih rasprava u parlamentu 1821. godine odlu\u010deno da se izgradi 37 kilometara <em>tramroadsa <\/em>od Darlingtona do Stocktona. U toj se pri\u010di samo par dana kasnije pojavljuje George Stephenson koji je uspio uvjeriti odgovorne ljude neka se izgrade punokrvne tra\u010dnice jer njegove <em>lokomotive <\/em>mogu odjednom vu\u0107i teret kao pedeset konja. Nakon 17 dana ispitivanja i mjerenja potvr\u0111ena je izgradnja onoga \u0161to danas zovemo \u017eeljezni\u010dka pruga. Izgradnja tra\u010dnica mu je odobrena u sije\u010dnju 1822. godine. Zbog te\u017eine parnih strojeva morali su izraditi kvalitetnije tra\u010dnice od kovanog \u017eeljeza.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Po\u010detci lokomotiva<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Po\u010detne korake prema u\u010dinkovitom parnom stroju u\u010dinio je <strong>Thomas Newcomen<\/strong> koji je 1712. postavio parni stroj za ispumpavanje vode iz rudnika. Sljede\u0107i va\u017ean korak poduzeo je<strong> James Watt<\/strong> koji je u svojem stroju koristio pritisak pare na obje strane klipova. <strong>Richard Trevithick<\/strong> je pove\u0107ao u\u010dinkovitost sa pove\u0107anjem tlaka u stroju na preko tri atmosferska pritiska. Takav je stroj kao i <strong>Nicholas Cugnot<\/strong> koristio za izradu prvih cestovnih vozila na parni pogon u razdoblju od 1769. do 1803. godine. Trevithick je 1804. izradio prvu lokomotivu koja je bila prete\u0161ka za tada\u0161nje gusnate \u0161ine. Prva lokomotiva na svijetu je bila i dio dobivene oklade jer je uspjela povu\u0107i 10 tona \u017eeljeza u pet vagona i 70 ljudi na udaljenosti od 15,7 kilometara. Za tu je udaljenost trebala 4 sata i 5 minuta iz \u010dega slijedi da je prosje\u010dna brzina bila oko 8 kmh. Navodno je lokomotiva samostalno bez tereta mogla posti\u0107i brzinu od 25 km\/h.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"475\" height=\"246\" src=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/parne-lokomotive-06-1.webp\" alt=\"Crte\u017e Trevithickove lokomotive\n\" class=\"wp-image-8289\" style=\"width:655px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/parne-lokomotive-06-1.webp 475w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/parne-lokomotive-06-1-300x155.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 475px) 100vw, 475px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Crte\u017e Trevithickove lokomotive\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Vlasnici rudnika su i nadalje bili glavni investitori u razvoj parnih lokomotiva, koje su dugo vremena patile od neu\u010dinkovitosti. Radilo se o opasnim strojevima velike te\u017eine i relativno male iskoristivosti za vu\u010du tereta. Nakon Trevithicka uslijedili su poku\u0161aji Timothya Hackwortha (1808.), Johna Blenkinsopa (1812.), Williama Hedleya (1813.), Georgea Stephensona (1814.) i drugih.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"475\" height=\"291\" src=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/parne-lokomotive-07-1.webp\" alt=\"Otac i sin \u2013 George i Robert. \u010cesto se pri\u010da oko lokomotiva pojednostavljuje i sve se svodi na Georgea Stephensona. On definitivno nije izumitelj lokomotive, ali je definitivno vode\u0107i pionirski in\u017eenjer u tom polju.\" class=\"wp-image-8290\" style=\"width:312px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/parne-lokomotive-07-1.webp 475w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/parne-lokomotive-07-1-300x184.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 475px) 100vw, 475px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Otac i sin \u2013 George i Robert. \u010cesto se pri\u010da oko lokomotiva pojednostavljuje i sve se svodi na Georgea Stephensona. On definitivno nije izumitelj lokomotive, ali je definitivno vode\u0107i pionirski in\u017eenjer u tom polju.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Prva putni\u010dka vo\u017enja<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ve\u0107ina engleske pruge je uz manje pote\u0161ko\u0107e (i dva izgubljena \u017eivota) dovr\u0161ena 1823. godine kada je Stephenson potpisao ugovor o izradi \u010detiri lokomotive za rad na toj prugi (dvije od 30 konjskih snaga i dvije od 15). 16. rujna 1825. dovr\u0161io je izradu bezimene lokomotive \u010desto nazivane \u201eLocomotion No. 1\u201c i deset dana kasnije izvr\u0161ene su prve probne vo\u017enje na tra\u010dnicama. Prvi \u017eeljezni\u010dki voz sadr\u017eavao je 36 vagona \u2013 12 sa ugljenom i bra\u0161nom, \u0161est sa gostima i 14 sa radnicima. Kompozicija je imala i probni putni\u010dki vagon nazvan \u201eExperiment\u201c sa 18 putnika me\u0111u kojima je bio i George Stephenson. Njegov brat James je bio strojovo\u0111a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:33px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Povijesna minutica: Pobjedni\u010dka lokomotiva\" width=\"980\" height=\"551\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/XHV0UJBN3RQ?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:33px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Uz manje neprilike vo\u017enja je potrajala ne\u0161to manje od osam sati i vlak je postignuo brzinu od 24 km\/h. Bila je to prva vo\u017enja putni\u010dkog vlaka u povijesti. U utorak 27. rujna 1825. tisu\u0107e su ljudi promatrali lokomotivu ili parnog konja kako su ga tada nazivali. <strong>Locomotion No. 1<\/strong> je povukla ukupno 80 tona i 533 putnika u prvoj vo\u017enji. Sa svakim stajanjem na postajama broj putnika se pove\u0107avao. <\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Locomotion-No.-1.jpg\" alt=\"Locomotion No. 1\" class=\"wp-image-8292\" srcset=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Locomotion-No.-1.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Locomotion-No.-1-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Locomotion-No.-1-768x384.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Locomotion No. 1<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>U sveop\u0107oj gu\u017evi dogodila se i nezgoda kada je John Stevens pao pod kota\u010de vagona koji su mu smrskali nogu. Tijekom prve vo\u017enje zabilje\u017eena je i utrka sa \u010detveropre\u017enom ko\u010dijom. Konji su neko vrijeme bili usporedo sa lokomotivom pri brzini od dvadesetak km\/h, no ubrzo su odustali zbog umora. Limena, parna zvijer je pobijedila! Po dolasku u Darlington vlak je pozdravio plotun 21 topa i devet povika \u201ehura\u201c. Prema tada\u0161njim novinama vlak je do\u010dekalo oko 40 000 ljudi premda je tada\u0161nji Darlington imao jedva ne\u0161to preko 5.500 stanovnika.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Locomotion No. 1<\/em> je uni\u0161tena 1828. u eksploziji tla\u010dnog kotla (jedan mrtav i jedan te\u0161ko ranjeni), a u me\u0111uvremenu iz Stephensonove radionice su iza\u0161le No. 2 Hope (studeni 1825.), No. 3 Black Diamond (travanj 1826.) i No. 4 Diligence (svibanj 1826.). Te prve lokomotive su bile slabe i nepouzdane, pa su kvarovi i nesre\u0107e bili redovna pojava. Svijet je lagano ulazio u vrijeme vlakova je Stephensonov sin George 1824. krenuo na ju\u017enoameri\u010dku turneju po Kolumbiji, Venezueli i Boliviji gdje su se pripremale \u017eeljeznice za transport ugljena.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p>Timothy Hackworth je 1828. izradio prvu lokomotivu \u201eRoyal George\u201c na \u0161est osovina, ali je i ona uskoro zavr\u0161ila u starom \u017eeljezu. Promet na prvoj pruzi su \u010desto nadopunjavale konjske zaprege. Od 1826. vi\u0161e je koncesionara po\u010delo povremeno prevoziti putnike koriste\u0107i pritom ve\u0107inom preure\u0111ene konjske ko\u010dije. Osnovna je i tvrtka \u201eThe Union\u201c koja se bavila transportom putnika. Do 1832. na toj je pruzi vozilo \u010dak 19 lokomotiva.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"297\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/parne-lokomotive-09-297x300-1.webp\" alt=\"Timothy Hackworth\n\" class=\"wp-image-8294\" style=\"width:208px;height:auto\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Timothy Hackworth\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Nekoliko godina kasnije je otklonjen sljede\u0107i problem lokomotive \u2013 brzina. 1835. lokomotiva je pretekla i vidno ostavila iza sebe po\u0161tansku ko\u010diju.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Rainhillska utrka<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Vlasnici tvrtke \u201eLiverpool and Manchester Railway\u201c su uz veliki pritisak Georgea Stephensona 1829. godine organizirali utrku lokomotiva. Osnovni je cilj bio odabrati budu\u0107eg davatelja usluga prijevoza na pruzi od Liverpoola do Manchestera kao i provjeriti mogu li lokomotive savladati uspone na putu. Postavljena su osnovna pravila prema kojima je lokomotiva uz pritisak pare od oko 350 kPa morala povu\u0107i svoju trostruku te\u017einu uz minimalnu brzinu od 10 milja na sat (odnosno oko 16 kmh). Nije dopu\u0161tena ve\u0107a visina od 4,5 metara i ovjes mora ubla\u017eavati vibracije. Lokomotiva je morala spaljivati svoj dim i imati dva sigurnosna ventila od kojih jedan mora biti izvan dosega strojovo\u0111e. Takva su pravila postavljala nove standarde koje dotada\u0161nje lokomotive nisu imale. Nagrada za pobjednika je bila 500 funti i velika \u0161ansa da njegova lokomotiva(ve) ubudu\u0107e prevoze putnike i robu na toj liniji.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Za sudjelovanje u utrci prijavile su se sljede\u0107e lokomotive: <em>The Novelty<\/em>, <em>The Sans Pareil<\/em>, <em>The Rocket<\/em>, <em>The Perseverence<\/em> i <em>The Cycloped<\/em>. Testiranja su trajala od 6. do 14. listopada 1829. godine. Jedino je \u201eRocket\u201c zadovoljavala sve postavljene kriterije, a posebno glede te\u017eine tereta i brzine. Vukla je svoju trostruku te\u017einu (te\u017eina lokomotive je bila 4320 kg) prosje\u010dnom brzinom od 20 km\/h. Sa jednim vagonom je jurila oko 38 km\/h, a bez tereta \u010dak 48 km\/h. Rocket su zajedni\u010dki razvili George Stephenson, Robert Stephenson i Henry Booth. Lokomotiva Novelty je bila manje te\u017eine, manje potro\u0161nje ugljena i ve\u0107e maksimalne brzine, ali poput Sans Pareila nije uspjela zavr\u0161iti predvi\u0111eno testiranje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Na pruzi Liverpool-Manchester od 1830. vozilo je osam lokomotiva tipa \u201eRocket\u201c i \u010detiri modernije tipa \u201eNorthumbrian\u201c (vode\u0107i konstruktor je tako\u0111er bio Robert Stephenson). Zanimljivo je da je pobjedni\u010dka Rocket ubrzo iza\u0161la iz upotrebe dok se gubitni\u010dki Sans Pareil jo\u0161 dugo zadr\u017eao na tra\u010dnicama.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"475\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/parne-lokomotive-12-1.webp\" alt=\"Rocket\" class=\"wp-image-8296\" srcset=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/parne-lokomotive-12-1.webp 475w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/parne-lokomotive-12-1-300x237.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 475px) 100vw, 475px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Rocket<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"473\" src=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/William-Huskisson-1.jpg\" alt=\"Rocket je ina\u010de odgovorna i za prvi poznatiji smrtni slu\u010daj u \u017eeljezni\u010dkoj putni\u010dkoj nesre\u0107i kada je 30. rujna 1829. na otvorenju pruge Liverpool-Manchester William Huskinsson neoprezno pao pod njene kota\u010de.\n\" class=\"wp-image-8298\" style=\"width:655px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/William-Huskisson-1.jpg 512w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/William-Huskisson-1-300x277.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Rocket je ina\u010de odgovorna i za prvi poznatiji smrtni slu\u010daj u \u017eeljezni\u010dkoj putni\u010dkoj nesre\u0107i kada je 30. rujna 1829. na otvorenju pruge Liverpool-Manchester William Huskinsson neoprezno pao pod njene kota\u010de.\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Amerikanci su u stopu slijedili svoje britanske kolege, pa je tako John Stevens 1826. provozao svoj \u201eLocomobile\u201c na kru\u017enoj stazi. 1830. Peter Cooper i Tom Thumb su vozili na izgra\u0111enim tra\u010dnicama. Sljede\u0107e su godine lokomotivom DeWitt Clinton izveli prvu putni\u010dku vo\u017enju od Albanyja do Schenectadya. Putnici su se u preure\u0111enim putni\u010dkim ko\u010dijama vozili prosje\u010dnom brzinom od oko 50 km\/h. Vo\u017enja je trajala 46 minuta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tijekom tridesetih godina XIX. stolje\u0107a diljem svijeta po\u010dinje sve ja\u010da izgradnja \u017eeljeznica i modernizacija lokomotiva, koje postaju sve u\u010dinkovitije glede brzine i tereta kojeg su vukle. U ve\u0107em dijelu svijeta parne lokomotive su povu\u010dene iz prometa nakon Drugog svjetskog rata kada su \u201ezavladale\u201c dizel lokomotive. Ove su godine zabilje\u017eena kori\u0161tenja parnih lokomotiva u Myanmaru, Zimbabveu, Kubi, Indoneziji, Srbiji, Svaziju, Rumunjskoj, Sjevernoj Koreji i Kini (ipak ve\u0107inom za industrijske svrhe).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pitanja za analizu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Koje su bile glavne prednosti &#8220;tramroads&#8221; u odnosu na uobi\u010dajene ceste?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Koja je bila uloga Georgea Stephensona u razvoju \u017eeljeznica?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Opi\u0161i prve parne lokomotive koje su bile razvijene po\u010detkom 19. stolje\u0107a. Koji su bili njihovi glavni nedostaci?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kako je izgledala prva putni\u010dka vo\u017enja vlakom u povijesti? Koliko je trajala i koja je bila prosje\u010dna brzina vlaka?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0160to je bio cilj Rainhillske utrke i koja je lokomotiva pobijedila?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Za\u0161to su rani parni strojevi imali problema s u\u010dinkovitosti i sigurno\u0161\u0107u? Koje su inovacije dovele do pobolj\u0161anja tih strojeva?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Na koji je na\u010din razvoj industrijalizacije u Engleskoj povezan s razvojem \u017eeljeznica?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>U \u010demu se o\u010dituje va\u017enost izgradnje \u017eeljezni\u010dkih pruga za gospodarski razvoj tada\u0161njih industrijskih zemalja?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Razmislite o utjecaju \u017eeljeznica na dru\u0161tveni i ekonomski razvoj. Kako bi izgledao svijet bez razvoja \u017eeljeznica u 19. stolje\u0107u?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0160to misli\u0161, kako bi razvoj transporta izgledao da se u 19. stolje\u0107u odlu\u010dilo za razvoj kanala umjesto \u017eeljeznica?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Za\u0161to misli\u0161 da su parne lokomotive i dalje u upotrebi u nekim dr\u017eavama, iako su tehnolo\u0161ki zastarjele?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Koje bi bile mogu\u0107e posljedice po sigurnost i radnike s obzirom na \u010deste kvarove i nesre\u0107e prvih lokomotiva? Kako se to mo\u017ee usporediti s dana\u0161njim standardima sigurnosti u transportu?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Literatura<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Dampflokomotive, URL:&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dampflokomotive\">http:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dampflokomotive<\/a>&nbsp;(pristupano 26.10.2009.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>George Stephenson, URL:&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_Stephenson\">http:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_Stephenson<\/a>&nbsp;(26.10.2009.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How railway builders took on the fairies (From The Northern Echo),<br>URL:&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.thenorthernecho.co.uk\/history\/railway\/stockton\/3166117.How_railway_builders_took_on_the_fairies\/\">http:\/\/www.thenorthernecho.co.uk\/history\/railway\/stockton<br>\/3166117.How_railway_builders_took_on_the_fairies\/<\/a>&nbsp;(pristupano 26.10.2009.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lawyers and locomotives both provided headaches (From The Northern Echo),<br>URL:&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.thenorthernecho.co.uk\/history\/railway\/stockton\/3166620.Lawyers_and_locomotives_both_provided_headaches\/\">http:\/\/www.thenorthernecho.co.uk\/history\/railway\/stoc<br>kton\/3166620.Lawyers_and_locomotives_both_provided_headaches\/<\/a>&nbsp;(pristupano 26.10.2009.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Liverpool and Manchester Railway,<br>URL:&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway<\/a>&nbsp;(pristupano 26.10.2009.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Locomotion steams in the new era to 21-gun salute and nine cheers (From The Northern Echo),<br>URL:&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.thenorthernecho.co.uk\/history\/railway\/stockton\/3166656.Locomotion_steams_in_the_new_era_to_21_gun_salute_and_nine_cheers\/\">http:\/\/www.thenorthernecho.co.uk\/history\/railway\/sto<br>ckton\/3166656.Locomotion_steams_in_the_new_era_to_21_<br>gun_salute_and_nine_cheers\/<\/a>&nbsp;(pristupano 26.10.2009.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>No match for the advent of Locomotion (From The Northern Echo),<br>URL:&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.thenorthernecho.co.uk\/history\/railway\/stockton\/3166647.No_match_for_the_advent_of_Locomotion\/\">http:\/\/www.thenorthernecho.co.uk\/history\/railway\/<br>stockton\/3166647.No_match_for_the_advent_of_Locomotion\/<\/a>&nbsp;(pristupano 26.10.2009.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Photos of a section of track from the Caerleon Tramroad,<br>URL:&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.caerleon.net\/history\/tramroad\/page3.html\">http:\/\/www.caerleon.net\/history\/tramroad\/page3.html<\/a>&nbsp;(pristupano 26.10.2009.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Railway the result of a race into the future (From The Northern Echo),<br>URL:&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.thenorthernecho.co.uk\/history\/railway\/stockton\/3165810.Railway_the_result_of_a_race_into_the_future\/\">http:\/\/www.thenorthernecho.co.uk\/history\/railway\/st<br>ockton\/3165810.Railway_the_result_of_a_race_into_the_future\/<\/a>&nbsp;(pristupano 26.10.2009.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Richard Trevithick,<br>URL:&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_Trevithick\">http:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_Trevithick<\/a>&nbsp;(26.10.2009.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rennen von Rainhill, URL:&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rennen_von_Rainhill\">http:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rennen_von_Rainhill<\/a>&nbsp;(pristupano 26.10.2009.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Science Museum, Rocket und Rainhill, URL:&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/fredriks.de\/mb\/science.htm\">http:\/\/fredriks.de\/mb\/science.htm<\/a>&nbsp;(pristupano 26.10.2009.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stockton and Darlington Railway,<br>URL:&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stockton_and_Darlington_Railway\">http:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stockton_and_Darlington_Railway<\/a>&nbsp;(pristupano 26.10.2009.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>William Huskisson,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_Huskisson\">http:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_Huskisson<\/a>&nbsp;(pristupano 26.10.2009.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Parne lokomotive su ve\u0107 vi\u0161e od dvjesto godina u upotrebi i u nekim dr\u017eavama \u0107e jo\u0161 dugo prevoziti putnike i robu. Prvi poku\u0161aji izrade lokomotive na parni pogon se\u017eu u [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2130,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":[],"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueState":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":"","_VenueShowMap":false,"_VenueShowMapLink":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[217],"tags":[183,180,318,241,319,320,321,244],"class_list":["post-2118","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-povijest-gimnazije","tag-gimnazije","tag-industrijske-revolucije","tag-james-watt","tag-lokomotiva","tag-nicholas-cugnot","tag-richard-trevithick","tag-thomas-newcomen","tag-vlak"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2118","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2118"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2118\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8301,"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2118\/revisions\/8301"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2130"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2118"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2118"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2118"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}