{"id":2047,"date":"2024-08-11T16:09:35","date_gmt":"2024-08-11T14:09:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.povijest.net\/?p=2047"},"modified":"2024-12-18T10:51:48","modified_gmt":"2024-12-18T09:51:48","slug":"pojava-tenkova-na-bojistu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/2024\/pojava-tenkova-na-bojistu\/","title":{"rendered":"Pojava tenkova na boji\u0161tu"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>U povijesti ratovanja vojnici su uvijek poku\u0161avali prona\u0107i na\u010din kako da uni\u0161te \u0161to vi\u0161e neprijateljske sile, a da pritom imaju minimalne gubitke. Tijekom stolje\u0107a razvio se redom luk, balista, katapult, trebu\u0161e, pu\u0161ke i topovi. Svako od navedenih oru\u017eja se pokretalo ljudskom ili \u017eivotinjskom snagom. Razvojem prometala u prvoj i drugoj industrijskoj revoluciji izumitelji su vojnicima dali priliku da izmisle ratni stroj koji \u0107e se kretati bojnim poljem, \u0161titi posadu i ono najbitnije \u2013 biti ubojit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"130\" src=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/clionaut_preporuke-za-sve-skole-1024x130.jpg\" alt=\"Clionaut preporuka: za sve \u0161kole\" class=\"wp-image-7257\" srcset=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/clionaut_preporuke-za-sve-skole-1024x130.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/clionaut_preporuke-za-sve-skole-300x38.jpg 300w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/clionaut_preporuke-za-sve-skole-768x98.jpg 768w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/clionaut_preporuke-za-sve-skole.jpg 1180w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69e402994113a&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69e402994113a\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"232\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/simmsov-300x232-1.webp\" alt=\"Simmsov motorni ratni auto\" class=\"wp-image-8239\" style=\"width:358px;height:auto\"\/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Uve\u0107aj\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Simmsov motorni ratni auto<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Na putu pronalaska tenka veliku ulogu ima Nikolaus August Otto koji je 1885. godine zapo\u010deo razvoj automobila. Uz razvoj automobila usavr\u0161eni su i razni traktori za vu\u010du. Frederick Simms je 1899. sastavio <strong>motorni ratni auto<\/strong>. Spojio je oklop, Diesel motor i dvije Maxim strojnice. Takvo vozilo je ponudio britanskoj vojci, \u010diji su zapovjednici smatrali da od takvog vozila nema pretjerane koristi.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69e40299417c9&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69e40299417c9\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"201\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/800px-Hornsby-300x201-1.webp\" alt=\"Lombardov gusjeni\u010dar\n\" class=\"wp-image-8240\" style=\"width:357px;height:auto\"\/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Uve\u0107aj\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Lombardov gusjeni\u010dar\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Po\u010detkom Prvog svjetskog rata u britanskoj vojsci je ve\u0107 postojala grupa koja je s entuzijazmom proricala korisnost tekova u ratovanju. Gusjeni\u010dari su se po\u010deli razvijati s prvim parnim traktorima, a prvi pravi patent na tom podru\u010dju izradio je Alvin Lombard 1901. g. Va\u017ean korak u razvoju tenka bio je Killen-Strait traktor prikazan 1915. g.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Killen-Strait-1.jpg\" alt=\"Killen-Strait traktor\n\" class=\"wp-image-8242\" srcset=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Killen-Strait-1.jpg 768w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Killen-Strait-1-300x209.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Killen-Strait traktor\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Traktor je uspje\u0161no savladao bodljikavu \u017eicu i odu\u0161evio Davida Lloyda Georgea i Winstona Churchilla. D.L George \u0107e jo\u0161 iste godine postati premijer, a W. Churchill \u0107e postati premijer po\u010detkom Drugoga svjetskog rata. Upravo je Churchill (tada\u0161nji prvi lord Admiraliteta) potaknuo istra\u017eivanje borbenih mogu\u0107nosti <strong>kopnenih brodova<\/strong>. Zbog izgleda koji je podsje\u0107ao na spremnik za teku\u0107ine kopneni brodovi su dobili kodno ime tank. Postavljeni su i prvi zahtjevi koje <strong>tank <\/strong>mora ispuniti: minimalna brzina 6 km\/h, mora biti sposoban prije\u0107i zapreku visine 1,5 metara, pregaziti rov \u0161irine 1,5 metara, otporan na paljbu pje\u0161a\u010dkog oru\u017eja, naoru\u017ean dvjema strojnicama, operativni doseg od oko 30 kilometara i posadu od 10 vojnika. U isto vrijeme razvoj svog tenka zapo\u010deli su Francuzi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p>Prvi tenk nazvan <strong>Mali Willie<\/strong> (<em>Little Willie<\/em>) bio je pokretan Dieselovim motorom, te\u017eio je oko 14 tona i mogao je nositi troje ljudi u sku\u010denome prostoru. Brzina mu je bila oko 3 km\/h na ravnome terenu ili samo nekih 2 km\/h na boji\u0161nici. Za usporedbu spomenimo da je prosje\u010dna brzina ljudskog hoda oko 5 km\/h. Nije mogao prelaziti preko rovova. Testiran je u rujnu 1915. g.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69e40299420e0&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69e40299420e0\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"160\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/B_Untitled-9-300x160-1.webp\" alt=\"Little Willie\" class=\"wp-image-8243\"\/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Uve\u0107aj\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Little Willie<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Prvi borbeno sposoban tenk <strong>Mark I <\/strong>prikazan je u sije\u010dnju 1916. godine. Mark I nasljednik je Malog Williea. Posada od osam ljudi brinula se za stroj te\u017eine 28 tona i pritom su raspolagali sa strojnicama i topovima.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/markI-1.webp\" alt=\"Mark I\" class=\"wp-image-8244\" srcset=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/markI-1.webp 1024w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/markI-1-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/markI-1-768x432.webp 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Mark I<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Prva borbena akcija tenkova<\/strong> odigrala se u sklopu ofenzive na <strong>Sommi <\/strong>u rujnu 1916. g. Britanci su 15. rujna 1916. pokraj Flers-Courceletta rasporedili svih 49 Mark I. tenkova koje su tada imali. Na boji\u0161tu su se kretali pu\u017eevom brzinom od svega 1,5 km\/h. Pu\u0161\u010dana paljba im nije na\u0161tetila, ali su ih lako uni\u0161tavali topovskom paljbom. Zbog slabe vidljivosti iz tenka su \u010desto pucali po vlastitim vojnicima. Sedamnaest tenkova nije ni stiglo do bojnoga polja, a 7 ih se nije moglo pokrenuti po\u010detkom akcije. Tako je samo 15 tenkova u\u0161lo u akciju. Nijemci koji su se borili na tom podru\u010dju isprva su bili veoma iznena\u0111eni novotarijom na bojnome polju, ali su njihovi \u010dasnici ubrzo utvrdili da se protiv njih mo\u017ee boriti. Djelomi\u010dno zahvaljuju\u0107i tenkovima Britanci su u sljede\u0107a tri dana napredovali oko dva kilometra i oslobodili tri francuska sela.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Do kraja Prvoga svjetskog rata mnoge su vojske demonstrirale svoje verzije oklopnih vozila i tenkova. Pravu tehnolo\u0161ku revoluciju i primjenu tenkovi su do\u017eivjeli tijekom Drugoga svjetskog rata.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Povijesna minutica: Prvi tenk\" width=\"980\" height=\"551\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/vO1qhiJiQKM?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pitanja za analizu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Za\u0161to su izumitelji i vojni stratezi te\u017eili razvoju tenkova kao borbenih sredstava? Koji su bili glavni ciljevi koje su tenkovi trebali ispuniti?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kako je razvoj automobila i traktora doprinio razvoju prvih tenkova? Koji su klju\u010dni tehni\u010dki i tehnolo\u0161ki faktori omogu\u0107ili razvoj tenkova?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Koje su bile najve\u0107e mane prvih tenkova, poput Marka I, u bitkama tijekom Prvoga svjetskog rata?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Koji je bio zna\u010daj Niklausa Augusta Otta u razvoju tehnologije koja je kasnije primijenjena na tenkovima?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Opi\u0161ite ulogu Winstona Churchilla u razvoju tenkova. Za\u0161to je podr\u017eao ovaj projekt?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kako su tenkovi utjecali na tijek borbi u Prvome svjetskom ratu, posebno u bitci na Sommi?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Za\u0161to su Britanci, unato\u010d brojnim problemima s ranim modelima tenkova, nastavili razvijati ovu tehnologiju? Mislite li da je to bila ispravna odluka?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kako su se rane reakcije na tenkove, kao \u0161to je reakcija njema\u010dkih \u010dasnika, odrazile na kasniji razvoj vojne tehnologije?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Raspravite koliko su inovacije u ratovanju, poput tenkova, pridonijele promjeni na\u010dina na koji se vode ratovi. Koliko su one imale utjecaja na civilno dru\u0161tvo?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kako biste ocijenili uspjeh tenkova u Prvome svjetskom ratu? Da li su ispunili o\u010dekivanja svojih tvoraca?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>U povijesti ratovanja vojnici su uvijek poku\u0161avali prona\u0107i na\u010din kako da uni\u0161te \u0161to vi\u0161e neprijateljske sile, a da pritom imaju minimalne gubitke. Tijekom stolje\u0107a razvio se redom luk, balista, katapult, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2055,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":[],"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueState":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":"","_VenueShowMap":false,"_VenueShowMapLink":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[187],"tags":[179,222,223,183,224,225,185,226,227,228],"class_list":["post-2047","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-povijest-ss","tag-7-razred","tag-alvin-lombard","tag-frederick-simms","tag-gimnazije","tag-little-willie","tag-oruzje","tag-prvi-svjetski-rat","tag-somma","tag-tehnologija","tag-tenk"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2047","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2047"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2047\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8248,"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2047\/revisions\/8248"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2055"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2047"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2047"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2047"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}