{"id":1867,"date":"2024-08-09T09:22:24","date_gmt":"2024-08-09T07:22:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.povijest.net\/?p=1867"},"modified":"2025-01-26T18:34:21","modified_gmt":"2025-01-26T17:34:21","slug":"japanski-skolarci-u-obrani-carstva","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/2024\/japanski-skolarci-u-obrani-carstva\/","title":{"rendered":"Japanski \u0161kolarci u obrani Carstva"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Po\u010detkom 2017. godine u gradu Itomanu na japanskome otoku Okinawa otkriven je spomenik djeci koja su u prolje\u0107e 1945. godine mobilizirani kako bi branili Carstvo. Nakon duga 82 dana Saveznici su osvojili Okinawu u jednoj od najte\u017eih bitaka na pacifi\u010dkome boji\u0161tu. Na bojnom polju \u017eivot je ostavilo 98 000 vojnika i gotovo polovica od predratnih 300 000 stanovnika otoka. Me\u0111u \u017ertvama je bilo i najmanje 890 \u0161kolaraca koji su uba\u010deni u bitku kao pomo\u0107ne jedinice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"130\" src=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/clionaut_preporuke-za-gimnazije-1024x130.jpg\" alt=\"Clionaut preporuka: za gimnazije\" class=\"wp-image-7255\" srcset=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/clionaut_preporuke-za-gimnazije-1024x130.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/clionaut_preporuke-za-gimnazije-300x38.jpg 300w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/clionaut_preporuke-za-gimnazije-768x98.jpg 768w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/clionaut_preporuke-za-gimnazije.jpg 1180w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-pmpro-membership\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-border-color is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"border-color:#cf2e2e;border-style:dashed;border-width:1px;border-radius:10px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-cyan-bluish-gray-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-948331d77a7dcf4e9518fc66f3402adb wp-block-paragraph\">Reklame se ne prikazuju \u010dlanovima Clionaut Akademije:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Obrana Okinawe do posljednjega daha<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u010casnici japanske carske vojske su u obranu otoka odlu\u010dili ubaciti maloljetne u\u010denike i u\u010denice, \u0161to do tada nije bio slu\u010daj. Takva praksa nije ni bila predvi\u0111ena zakonom pa su raznim pritiscima na djecu, njihove roditelje i \u0161kole postizali&nbsp;<em>dobrovoljno&nbsp;<\/em>prijavljivanje u slu\u017ebu. Nesudjelovanje u obrani bilo je ravno izdaji bo\u017eanskoga Cara. U slu\u017ebu su uklju\u010deni dje\u010daci i djevojke iz 21 \u0161kole prefekture Okinawa. Dje\u010daci stariji od 14 godina tako su uklju\u010deni u pomo\u0107ne vojne jedinice nazvane&nbsp;<em>Tekketsu Kinn\u014dtai<\/em>&nbsp;(Krv i \u017eeljezo za Cara), a djevojke su uklju\u010dene u pomo\u0107ne medicinske postrojbe&nbsp;<em>Himeyuri Gakutotai<\/em>&nbsp;i&nbsp;<em>Shiraume Gakutotai<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">U&nbsp;Tekketsu Kinn\u014dtai mobilizirano je izme\u0111u 1787 i 2000 u\u010denika. Osnovni zadaci su trebali biti transport materijala, popravci i kurirska slu\u017eba. Oko polovice ih je poginulo, a zadaci u kojima su sudjelovali \u010desto su bili borbene naravi uklju\u010duju\u0107i samoubila\u010dke napade eksplozivom. Naziv za takve samoubojice bio je&nbsp;<em>Gyokusai<\/em>&nbsp;\u2013 kombinacija rije\u010di polomljeni dragulji. Ameri\u010dka 10. armija je nakon bitke prevela dokument prefekture Okinawa o jedinicama&nbsp;Tekketsu Kinn\u014dtai:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Svaki u\u010denik mora biti organiziran u jedinice&nbsp;Tekketsu Kinn\u014dtai, sudjelovati u paravojnim vje\u017ebama i u slu\u010daju nu\u017ede ih pridru\u017eiti vojnim jedinicama te uklju\u010diti u borbu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Odlu\u010deno je da se mobiliziraju u\u010denici izme\u0111u 14 i 16 godina, koji jo\u0161 nisu uklju\u010deni u redovnu mobilizaciju.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dokument tako\u0111er sadr\u017ei informacije o tome da su oni koji bi odbili borbena nare\u0111enja bili streljani na licu mjesta. Mobilizacija japanskih u\u010denika u borbene namjene je specifi\u010dna za Okinawu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Eiki Ishikawa, pre\u017eivjeli dje\u010dak vojnik, svjedo\u010di o slaboj opremljenosti i prehrani. Nisu imali \u010diste vode, a glavna prehrana im je bio slani kupus i \u0161e\u0107erna trska. Posebna napast su bile u\u0161i kojih se nisu mogli rije\u0161iti. Tijekom bitke imao je tri \u017eelje: spavati na tatamiju, \u010da\u0161u \u010diste vode i bezbolnu smrt. Sa svojih 14 godina pre\u017eivio je tako \u0161to je odbacio granate i predao se Amerikancima.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/2024\/japanski-skolarci-u-obrani-carstva\/eiki\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"476\" height=\"529\" src=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/eiki.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8062\" srcset=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/eiki.jpg 476w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/eiki-270x300.jpg 270w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 476px) 100vw, 476px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Eiki Ishikawa<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Act to keep peace. Experience of the battles from Shuri to Mabuni\" width=\"980\" height=\"551\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/XjCG1igD54s?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">U&nbsp;<em>Himeyuri Gakutotai<\/em>&nbsp;su 23. o\u017eujka 1945. mobilizirane 222 u\u010denice i 18 \u010dlanova nastavnoga osoblja. Polaznice petogodi\u0161nje srednje \u0161kole za u\u010diteljice mobilizirane su za medicinske sestre. Himeyuri je bio naziv njihovog \u0161kolskog \u010dasopisa. \u010cak 123 ih je poginulo tijekom bitke. Dodu\u0161e, ve\u0107ina ih je poginula nakon 18. lipnja nakon \u0161to su slu\u017ebeno deaktivirane kao pomo\u0107na jedinica. Morale su napustiti spilje i same se sna\u0107i pred nadolaze\u0107im neprijateljem. Dio ih je po\u010dinio samoubojstva ru\u010dnim granatama ili bacanjem s litica. Pre\u017eivjelo je 99 u\u010denica i 5 nastavnika.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"173\" src=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Ylg5-1.webp\" alt=\"U\u010denice \u0161kole Himeyuri\n\" class=\"wp-image-8063\" srcset=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Ylg5-1.webp 600w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Ylg5-1-300x87.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">U\u010denice \u0161kole Himeyuri\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">U&nbsp;<em>Shiraume Gakutotai&nbsp;<\/em>(bijeli cvjetovi \u0161ljive)&nbsp;je 6. o\u017eujka mobilizirano 56 u\u010denica od kojih su 22 poginule tijekom ratnih djelovanja, a gotovo sve preostale tijekom bijega pred Amerikancima. Japanska vojna propaganda o Amerikancima bila je vrlo sna\u017ena pa su civili bili u pani\u010dnom strahu od ameri\u010dkog divljanja (ubijanja i silovanja). Vojska je aktivno poticala civile na masovna samoubojstva. Mitsuru Ushijima, zapovjednik 32. armije, je 22. lipnja, prije samoubojstva, zabranio svojim vojnicima da se predaju i da se moraju boriti do posljednjega daha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ratna bolnica Okinawe iskopana je u brdu Haebaru kraj grada Naha. Bolni\u010dki su odjeli bili smje\u0161teni u \u010detrdesetak iskopanih spilja\/tunela. Kako je bitka odmicala broj ranjenika u spiljama se kontinuirano pove\u0107avao, a spilje su bile pune krvi, izmeta i sme\u0107a. Posao u\u010denica nije bio samo pomo\u0107 ranjenicima oko njihovih ozljeda ve\u0107 i briga oko hrane i vode, komunikacija s vojskom i pokapanje mrtvih.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"673\" src=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Childsoldier_In_Okinawa-1.webp\" alt=\"Poru\u010dnik Hart H. Spiegal poku\u0161ava razgovarati sa zarobljenim dje\u010dacima vojnicima, Okinawa, 17. lipanj 1945.\n\" class=\"wp-image-8065\" style=\"width:656px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Childsoldier_In_Okinawa-1.webp 500w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Childsoldier_In_Okinawa-1-223x300.webp 223w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Poru\u010dnik Hart H. Spiegal poku\u0161ava razgovarati sa zarobljenim dje\u010dacima vojnicima, Okinawa, 17. lipanj 1945.\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pitanja za analizu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0160to je potaknulo japansku carsku vojsku da uklju\u010di maloljetne u\u010denike i u\u010denice u obranu otoka?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kako su vr\u0161eni pritisci na djecu, njihove roditelje i \u0161kole da se dobrovoljno prijave za slu\u017ebu?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Koje su bile osnovne zada\u0107e dje\u010daka mobiliziranih u jedinice Tekketsu Kinn\u014dtai?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kakve su zadatke obavljale djevojke mobilizirane u jedinice Himeyuri Gakutotai i Shiraume Gakutotai?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Koje su posljedice mobilizacije u\u010denika i u\u010denica po njihov fizi\u010dki i mentalni opstanak?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Za\u0161to su civili poticani na masovna samoubojstva i kakvu je ulogu imala propaganda u tom procesu?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kako bi ocijenili eti\u010dnost odluke da se maloljetnici uklju\u010de u borbene akcije tijekom rata?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kakav bi utjecaj takva praksa imala na suvremeno dru\u0161tvo i \u0161to iz povijesti mo\u017eemo nau\u010diti o za\u0161titi djece u ratnim uvjetima?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Literatura<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Battle of Okinawa<\/em>, URL:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Okinawa\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Okinawa<\/a>&nbsp;(pristupljeno: 11.7.2017.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Himeyuri Peace Museum, URL:&nbsp;http:\/\/www.himeyuri.or.jp\/EN\/info.html&nbsp;(pristupljeno: 11.7.2017.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Himeyuri students<\/em>, URL:&nbsp;https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Himeyuri_students&nbsp;(pristupljeno: 11.7.2017.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Okinawa unveils monument memorializing students mobilized during brutal World War II battle for the island<\/em>, The Japan Times, 14.3.2017. URL:&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.japantimes.co.jp\/news\/2017\/03\/14\/national\/okinawa-unveils-monument-memorializing-students-mobilized-brutal-world-war-ii-battle-island\/#.WWU6qojyiUl\">http:\/\/www.japantimes.co.jp\/news\/2017\/03\/14\/national\/okinawa-unveils-monument-memorializing-students-mobilized-brutal-world-war-ii-battle-island\/#.WWU6qojyiUl<\/a>&nbsp;(pristupljeno: 11.7.2017.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Okinawan boys of the Tekketsu Kinnotai, Japan\u2019s last ditch weapon<\/em>, URL:&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/ww2awartobewon.com\/wwii-articles\/okinawan-boys-tekketsu-kinnotai\/\">http:\/\/ww2awartobewon.com\/wwii-articles\/okinawan-boys-tekketsu-kinnotai\/<\/a>&nbsp;(pristupljeno: 11.7.2017.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Shiraume Gakutotai<\/em>, URL:&nbsp;https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shiraume_Gakutotai&nbsp;(pristupljeno: 11.7.2017.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Tekketsu Kinn\u014dtai<\/em>, URL:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tekketsu_Kinn%C5%8Dtai\">https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tekketsu_Kinn%C5%8Dtai<\/a>&nbsp;(pristupljeno: 11.7.2017.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Watarai, Satsuki.&nbsp;<em>Survivor recalls Battle of Okinawa horrors.<\/em>&nbsp;The Japan Times. 19.5.2015. URL:&nbsp;http:\/\/www.japantimes.co.jp\/news\/2015\/05\/19\/national\/history\/survivor-recalls-battle-okinawa-horrors\/#.WWVQXIjyiUl&nbsp;(pristupljeno: 11.7.2017.)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Po\u010detkom 2017. godine u gradu Itomanu na japanskome otoku Okinawa otkriven je spomenik djeci koja su u prolje\u0107e 1945. godine mobilizirani kako bi branili Carstvo. Nakon duga 82 dana Saveznici [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1868,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":[],"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueState":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":"","_VenueShowMap":false,"_VenueShowMapLink":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[187],"tags":[414,147,415,148,416],"class_list":["post-1867","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-povijest-ss","tag-djeca-vojnici","tag-drugi-svjetski-rat","tag-itoman","tag-japan","tag-okinawa"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1867","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1867"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1867\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11170,"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1867\/revisions\/11170"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1868"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1867"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1867"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1867"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}