{"id":11560,"date":"2025-02-10T11:41:52","date_gmt":"2025-02-10T10:41:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/?p=11560"},"modified":"2025-02-25T11:52:17","modified_gmt":"2025-02-25T10:52:17","slug":"civilizacija-azteka-prije-dolaska-europljana","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/2025\/civilizacija-azteka-prije-dolaska-europljana\/","title":{"rendered":"Civilizacija Azteka prije dolaska Europljana"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Azte\u010dka (ili Mexica) civilizacija zapo\u010dela je svoj uspon u 13. stolje\u0107u, a najve\u0107u mo\u0107 dosegnula je izme\u0111u 15. i ranog 16. stolje\u0107a. Prema predaji, narod Mexica osnovao je grad Tenochtitl\u00e1n [Teno\u010dtitlan] oko 1325. godine na otoku usred jezera Texcoco, na podru\u010dju dana\u0161njeg Meksika. Kasnije se udru\u017eio s gradovima Texcoco i Tlacopan u tzv. Trojnu alijansu (1428.), koja je vladala velikim dijelom sredi\u0161njeg Meksika sve do dolaska \u0161panjolskih osvaja\u010da 1519. godine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"130\" src=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/clionaut_preporuke-za-srednju-skolu-1024x130.jpg\" alt=\"Clionaut preporuka: za srednje \u0161kole\" class=\"wp-image-7256\" srcset=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/clionaut_preporuke-za-srednju-skolu-1024x130.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/clionaut_preporuke-za-srednju-skolu-300x38.jpg 300w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/clionaut_preporuke-za-srednju-skolu-768x98.jpg 768w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/clionaut_preporuke-za-srednju-skolu.jpg 1180w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Azteci su bili poznati po ratni\u010dkoj tradiciji te su \u010desto vodili ratove sa susjednim gradovima-dr\u017eavama. Gotovo svaki mu\u0161karac prolazio je osnovnu vojnu obuku. Plemi\u0107i (pipiltin) bili su profesionalni ratnici, dok su se obi\u010dni gra\u0111ani (macehualtin) pozivali u vojsku kada nisu obra\u0111ivali polja. Najistaknutiji i najvje\u0161tiji mogli su se pridru\u017eiti elitnim postrojbama \u201cratnika jaguara\u201d i \u201cratnika orlova\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-pmpro-membership\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-border-color is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"border-color:#cf2e2e;border-style:dashed;border-width:1px;border-radius:10px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-cyan-bluish-gray-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-948331d77a7dcf4e9518fc66f3402adb\">Reklame se ne prikazuju \u010dlanovima Clionaut Akademije:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Umjesto kovanog novca, Azteci su razmjenu dobara vr\u0161ili perjem, alatima i kakaovim zrncima, koja su \u010desto slu\u017eila kao svojevrsna \u201cvaluta\u201d. Na \u017eivopisnim tr\u017enicama uvijek je bio prisutan posebni sudac koji bi rje\u0161avao nesuglasice i sporne situacije. Glavni poljoprivredni proizvod bio je kukuruz (kukuruzom su se hranili i ljudi i perad), a uzgajali su i grah, raj\u010dice, avokado, bundeve, \u010dili papri\u010dice i druge kulture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kako bi prehranili bujnu populaciju, Azteci su razvili sustav \u201cplutaju\u0107ih vrtova\u201d na mo\u010dvarnim podru\u010djima, uz jezera i rijeke. Ti su se vrtovi nazivali chinampas (\u010dinampe). Rije\u010d je o umjetno stvorenim otocima na kojima se moglo ubrati i do sedam \u017eetvi godi\u0161nje zahvaljuju\u0107i stalnoj vlazi i plodnom mulju.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"537\" src=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Painting_of_Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco_on_Lake_Texcoco_9755215791.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11562\" srcset=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Painting_of_Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco_on_Lake_Texcoco_9755215791.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Painting_of_Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco_on_Lake_Texcoco_9755215791-300x157.jpg 300w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Painting_of_Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco_on_Lake_Texcoco_9755215791-768x403.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco na jezeru Texcoco<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Poput Maja, Azteci su gradili velebne piramide i hramove, a Tenochtitl\u00e1n je bio jedan od najve\u0107ih i najimpresivnijih gradova tada\u0161njeg svijeta, s vi\u0161e desetaka tisu\u0107a, pa \u010dak i do 200 000 stanovnika. Koristili su slikovno pismo (piktografe) i razvili slo\u017een kalendarski sustav. Bili su vje\u0161ti kerami\u010dari, izra\u0111ivali su fini nakit te bogato ukra\u0161ene predmete od perja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Na slici je \u010desto prikazivan Huitzilopochtli [vitsilopo\u010dtli], bog sunca i rata, kojemu je bilo posve\u0107eno vi\u0161e hramova, me\u0111u kojima i sredi\u0161nji hram (Templo Mayor) u Tenochtitl\u00e1nu. Azteci su vjerovali da \u017eive u \u201cpetom dobu Sunca\u201d koje bogovi mogu svakog trenutka uni\u0161titi. Kako bi to sprije\u010dili, smatrali su da je potrebno bogove hraniti ljudskom krvlju. U pojedinim prilikama prinosili su \u010dak i nekoliko tisu\u0107a \u017ertava odjednom, \u0161to je \u0161okiralo \u0161panjolske kroni\u010dare koji su opisivali Azteke nakon dolaska u Meksiko.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Tlatelolco_Marketplace.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11564\" srcset=\"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Tlatelolco_Marketplace.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Tlatelolco_Marketplace-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Tlatelolco_Marketplace-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Prikaz azte\u010dke tr\u017enice u Tlatelolco (Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Iako su godinama uspje\u0161no pro\u0161irivali svoj utjecaj, Azteci su se po\u010detkom 16. stolje\u0107a suo\u010dili s velikom prijetnjom \u2013 dolaskom \u0161panjolskih konkvistadora pod vodstvom Hern\u00e1na Cort\u00e9sa (1519.). Uz pomo\u0107 nezadovoljnih susjeda i razornih bolesti koje su donijeli Europljani, \u0160panjolci su 1521. osvojili Tenochtitl\u00e1n, \u010dime je zavr\u0161ilo razdoblje azte\u010dke dominacije na podru\u010dju Meksika.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Azte\u010dka (ili Mexica) civilizacija zapo\u010dela je svoj uspon u 13. stolje\u0107u, a najve\u0107u mo\u0107 dosegnula je izme\u0111u 15. i ranog 16. stolje\u0107a. Prema predaji, narod Mexica osnovao je grad Tenochtitl\u00e1n [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":11566,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":[],"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueState":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":"","_VenueShowMap":false,"_VenueShowMapLink":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":false,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[187],"tags":[1117],"class_list":["post-11560","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-povijest-ss","tag-azteci"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11560","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11560"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11560\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11567,"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11560\/revisions\/11567"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11566"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11560"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11560"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/povijest.net\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11560"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}